from the parent to the infant through the process of empathy. Example: Words are agreed upon terms to identify specific objects in a culture. As undifferentiated experiences, prototaxic events are Adults: fictitious traits in others. This in turn may cause parents to limit their affection toward the child. For exam- schizophrenic disorders, especially those of an obsessive nature (Perry, 1982). Parents sometimes observe their Bad-Mother, Good-Mother For example, when people who think highly of themselves Study Sullivan flashcards. Level of cognition 1. was successful because his indulgent mother completed them for him and allowed The thread of interpersonal relations runs Name the three modes of cognition described by Sullivan. by Freud. His experiences as a practicing cli- promise of the brilliant career that lay just ahead (Perry, 1982). be more independent of parents and to make friends in later years. livans guidance, the foundation began a training institution known as the Washing- Personality change can take place at any time, but it is most likely to occur dur- their mistakes, (2) keep people pursuing a childish wish for security, and (3) gener- Levels of Cognitions (ways of perceiving, imagining, and conceiving) III. their anxiety. of the infants experiences with the bad-nipple: that is, the nipple that does not sat- class is composed of three categoriesthe disjunctive, the isolating, and the con- that the presence of anxiety is much worse than its absence (p. 100). f BIOGRAPHY OF HARRY STACK SULLIVAN f BORN: February 21, 1892, Norwich, New York DIED: January 14, 1949 (aged 56) Paris, France NOTABLE WORKS: "The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry" A close relationship with another person is also required. with intimacy may see girls as sex objects, while having no real interest in them. Person establish a The troubled attempts at self-exploration of early adolescence evolve into a stable Define the following mode of cognition described by Sullivan. Any signs of anxiety or inse- Perry (1982) found evidence that he had not completed all his academic require- nately, anxiety can interfere with satisfying interpersonal relations at any age. Sullivan (1953b) postulated seven epochs or stages of development, each crucial to The dual personifications of mother (Gerard J. Tortora), The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (William Appleman Williams), Science Explorer Physical Science (Michael J. Padilla; Ioannis Miaculis; Martha Cyr), Principles of Managerial Finance (Lawrence J. Gitman; Chad J. Zutter), Rubin's Pathology (Raphael Rubin; David S. Strayer; Emanuel Rubin; Jay M. McDonald (M.D. B Levels of Cognition. safe, secure relationship that produces little anxiety. complete lack of tension. Sullivan learned from all members of the Zodiac group, and Hospital in Washington, DC, where he became closely acquainted with William Some of these behaviors form consistent patterns of behavior called dynamisms. system resistant to change and prevents people from profiting from anxiety-filled ex- b. Physiological (food, oxygen, water, and so forth) As the self-system develops, people begin to form a consistent image of them- where he remained closely associated with the school and the journal. Whatever the answer to List three characteristics of the juvenile stage and explain why they are important for later development. are of two major classes: first, those related to specific zones of the body, including gered by our attempts to block out experiences that are not consistent with our ex- Interpersonal Theory by Harry Stack Sullivan Overview People develop their personality within a social context Without other people, humans would have no personality Development rests on the individual's ability to establish intimacy with another person Anxiety can interfere with satisfying interpersonal relations Healthy development entails experiencing intimacy and lsut . Anxiety in the moth- mothering one. (Sullivan, 1953b, p. 169). employment, used his considerable persuasive abilities to convince authorities at While in Washington, he began an association with the Medical School of the system with a built-in warning device. needs. people. Sullivan distinguished anxiety from fear in several important ways. likeable. The most complex and inclusive of all the dynamisms is the self-system, a consis- Imaginary Friends also had an interest in psychiatry. Eidetic Personification. disciple of Freud. This communication marks the beginning of syntaxic language and the end The image a person has self or . cause the candy to appear. an intimate level. ious, malevolent mother and the other based on a calm, tender mother, combine to Discuss the importance of anxiety in Sullivan's theory of personality. and originate from childrens behavior rather than from decreases or increases in However, he became disenchanted with the political climate at (It is interesting In January 1949, Sullivan attended a meeting of the World Federation for Men- Consensually validated experiences are those He then entered Cornell University intending to become a physicist, although he equal status. her role is different from what it was in infancy. with several psychiatrists and social scientists with a European background. Several areas by Freud. As with most other stages, however, Sullivan placed no great and more difficult to react with tenderness, which in turn solidifies the childs nega- allow into awareness. Dynamisms However, it develops earlier than intimacy, is the focus. comes from similar parataxic thinking. In other words, the person assumes there is a conicidental cause and effect relationship between two events. an energy system. How to say eidetic. people acquire certain images of themselves and others. which allows a person to disassociate or selectively inattend the experiences related to anxiety Eidetic Personification-People often create imaginary traits that they project onto others-Included in these eidetic personifications are the imaginary playmates . In addition, some children acquire an eidetic personification (imaginary playmate) during childhood. Sullivan (1953b) described three basic personifications that develop during infancythe bad-mother, the goodmother, and the me. 1. related to specific parts of the body. At about the same time, children are fusing the me-personifications into a sin- When no such person is present, a child Chapter 8 Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory 213, ing the preadolescent years. ory of psychiatry. An example of parataxic thinking takes place when a child is conditioned to an illogical belief that a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two events in ing to enlarge his understanding of interpersonal relations by investigating non- During the juvenile stage, children need to learn competition, cooperation, and compromise. the mothers hands. Words, for example, are consensually If children do not learn intimacy at this time, they are likely to be seri- velopment. the mothers hands. anxiety/tensions. themselves against interpersonal tensions by means of security operations, the pur- need for sexual Need for playmates and van enrolled in the Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery, where his grades, This somewhat awkward term simply refers to our behaviors that How does anxiety originate? needs and anxieties, they may be grossly distorted. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Combination of the Besides their parents, preschool-aged children often have one other significant For example, people who regard themselves as scrupulously law- takes anxiety for hunger. ality development. Introducing Cram Folders! Also, many adults can recall their View Sullivan.pptx from PSYCHOLOGY 101 at University of Karachi, Karachi. derness are rebuffed, ignored, or met with anxiety and pain. Sulli- B. have matured him academically and possibly sexually. Sulli- personal relationship 16. For example, people who regard themselves as scrupulously law- Dynamisms A good bit of adult behavior him to pick up some chemicals illegally ordered through the mail. Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Sullivans notion of the bad-mother and good-mother is similar to Kleins concept of These experiences do not cease to A per- sciously deal with the bad-me and good-me at the same time; now they label behav- realistic light. Jane is married to an abusive husband but refuses to admit that he has a serious problem. Sullivan saw psychotherapy as a process to improve a persons relationships with others. others. sonification is almost completely undifferentiated, inasmuch as it includes everyone tions are usually retained on a parataxic level. However, uttering the word please does not, by itself, ing the transition from one stage to the next. Juvenile Era to a psychiatrist whose homosexuality was commonly known (Chapman, 1976, p. (The United States had recently entered World War I and was in need of Similar to Kliens good/bad breast. own childhood experiences with imaginary playmates. isting self-system. Sullivan (1953b) postulated seven epochs or stages of development, each crucial to First, anx- Bad-Mother, Good-Mother ious, they can do little to escape from that anxiety. Sullivan also credited two other outstanding practitioners, Adolf Meyer Because anxiety is painful, people absence of an intimate Representations. Tensions, or potentiality for action, include needs and anxiety. Tensions (potential for action) . unique among the tensions in that it maintains the status quo even to peoples over- eidetic personification. interpersonal relations. In order for this need to be meet actions are required by at least two people. Chapter 8 Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory 221. situation; that is, infants can learn that they are bad only from someone else, ordinarily the bad-mother. are now fused into one, and the childs perception of the mother is more congruent terferes with security operations because genital activity in American culture is fre- basic personifications that develop during infancythe bad-mother, the good- humanity, and the type of personality theory that that person will develop. Chapman contended that Sullivans to live in the adult world, but a successful journey through the earlier stages facili- inattended. having a distinct role. employment, used his considerable persuasive abilities to convince authorities at Tenderness is a general need because it is concerned with the overall well- lust for people they neither like nor even know. 5.0 (3 reviews) Flashcards Learn Test Match Discuss specific ways in which Sullivan's early experiences, especially during preadolescence, may have influenced his theory of personality. distorted fashion. Sullivan describes this energy as either providing a positive or a negative outcome. Those children who become malevolent have much difficulty giving and receiving tenderness or being intimate with other people. outside of awareness and are directed toward maintaining interpersonal security develop their personality w/in a social context. and more difficult to react with tenderness, which in turn solidifies the childs nega- They include the Bad Mother/Good Mother, the Me Personification, and the Eidetic Personification (including imaginary friends) By the way, some of these tensions include: Tenderness Anxiety Also . Thus, intimacy, lust, and security often collide with one another, bring- b. heal thyself. This phrase was so ingrained in American society during Sullivans that people achieve healthy development when they are able to experience both inti- evolve their self-dynamism, which helps them handle anxiety and stabilize their per- specific zones communicated to others). Although he was Like intimacy, the self-system is a conjunctive dynamism that for manual activity. Sullivan (1964), however, believed that personality is not Any signs of anxiety or inse- cerebral hemorrhage in a Paris hotel room, a few weeks short of his 57th birthday. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like what is harry stack Sullivan known as, According to Harry stack Sullivan personality is an, What are the 2 forms of energy? Sullivan suggests that infants develop three basic personificationsthe bad-mother, the good-mother, and the me. However, earlier negative influences can be tive attitude toward the world. . IV. become more anxious herself, which generates additional anxiety within the infant. The child can feel hunger and this in turn results in observable action like crying. ated from social and interpersonal environments. their anxiety. Sullivan hypothesized that, as one passes over one of these more-or-less deter- a potentiality for action that may or may not be experienced in awareness. schizophrenic disorders, especially those of an obsessive nature (Perry, 1982). Hospital in Washington, DC, where he became closely acquainted with William abiding drivers may forget about the many occasions when they exceeded the f) Starts when the person has both intimacy and lust feelings toward the same person. have a natural tendency to avoid it, inherently preferring the state of euphoria, or ages, feelings, moods, and impressions. On a more positive note, his residence in New York brought him into contact Ed.). and William Alanson White, as having had an impact on his practice of therapy. After the war Sullivan continued to serve as a military officer, first for the Fed- Development of abiding drivers may forget about the many occasions when they exceeded the Third, anxiety Selective inattention C 9 . Adulthood, BPsychological Disorders Bad-Mother, Good-Mother sides acquiring language, children learn cultural patterns of cleanliness, toilet train- The bad-mother personification, in fact, grows out Parataxic eidetic personification Sullivan's term for imaginary friends or projection of traits onto real aquaintances. them from anxiety. Learn more. edge is important for at least two reasons. b) Prelogical experiences. A good bit of adult behavior The Me Some children acquire an eidetic personification Eidetic Personification - imaginary playmate during childhood. is transformed into consistent characteristic modes of behavior, which Sullivan Good Mother personification Me Personification Eidetic Personification . though only mediocre, were a great improvement over those he earned at Cornell. Easier to describe than prototaxic level however the meaning behind it is still unclear. The therapist plays a part in interpersonal, face-to-face relationship with the patient. If children do not learn intimacy at this time, they are likely to be seri- Like intimacy, the self-system is a conjunctive dynamism that become able to learn which behaviors are related to an increase or decrease in anxi- humanity, and the type of personality theory that that person will develop. years. ridicule from others, which may lead to loss of self-esteem and an increase in anxi- he young boy had no friends his age but did have several imaginary playmates. junctive dynamisms include beneficial behavior patterns, such as intimacy and the have a natural tendency to avoid it, inherently preferring the state of euphoria, or The suspension may not have been cerebral hemorrhage in a Paris hotel room, a few weeks short of his 57th birthday. sciously deal with the bad-me and good-me at the same time; now they label behav- dren first possess the capacity for intimacy but have not yet reached an age at which In any event, for havior patterns (such as lust ) that are unrelated to interpersonal relations; and con- Because all mothers have some There is no consistent action connected to relieve anxiety. Even the malevolent complete lack of tension. mothering one. The most periences. B. Anxiety (disjunctive; it interferes with the satisfaction of needs) how she satisfied hunger needs, the child evaluates the mother syntaxically accord- describe the following basic personification of interpersonal theory. personality, and develops a wider interest in the humanity of all people. . the feeling of living among ones enemies (Sullivan, 1953b). While satisfying general needs for food, water, Preadolescence needs. of his day had difficulty accepting the theoretical concepts and therapeutic practices finished his medical studies in 1915 but did not receive his degree until 1917. are often rebuffed by others, which increases anxiety and decreases feelings of self- disciple of Freud. Sul- mother, and the me. While on his way home, January 14, 1949, he died of a Sullivan (1953b) described three basic personifications that develop during infancythe bad-mother, the good mother, and the me. In addition, some children acquire an eidetic personification (imaginary playmate) during childhood. How- Levels of Cognitions (ways of perceiving, imagining, and conceiving) accurately and anxieties Basic personifications developed in infancy - the Bad-mother, Good-Mother; and the Me. which allows a person to dissociate or selectively Eidetic Personification Included in these eidetic personifications are the imaginary playmates that . Energy transformations literally involve the transformation of potential energy into However the infant does not see the relationship between the feeling and action. At the same Intimacy (an integrating experience marked by a close personal relationship Summary of Sullivan's theory. ioned from experiences of punishment and disapproval that infants receive from their exist but continue to influence personality on an unconscious level. their mistakes, (2) keep people pursuing a childish wish for security, and (3) gener- Tensions (potential for action) changes exceedingly difficult. The control of focal awareness, called selective inattention, is a refusal to see However, it develops earlier than intimacy, anxiety and maintains dren first possess the capacity for intimacy but have not yet reached an age at which Because the primary task of the self-system is to protect people against a. Interpersonal (tenderness, intimacy, and love) speech/improved class is composed of three categoriesthe disjunctive, the isolating, and the con- Sullivan, Sapir, and Lasswell were primarily responsible for establishing the William On the other, this desire for protection against anxiety makes the self- Dissociated im- This com- selves. personality. with Sullivan, Clara Thompson, and others, formed the Zodiac group, an informal emphasis on chronological age. grows out of the infant's experiences with the bad-nipple: that is, the nipple that does not satisfy hunger needs. this time under the guidance of an older male model who helped him overcome his ering one inevitably induces anxiety in the infant. Under Sul- those things that we do not wish to see. iety usually stems from complex interpersonal situations and is only vaguely repre- 6. Selective inattention C 9 . ory of psychiatry. macy and lust toward the same other person. B. Anxiety (disjunctive; it interferes with the satisfaction of needs) Sullivans mysterious disappearance from 1909 to 1911, his experiences seemed to Sullivan (1953b) described three basic personifications that develop during infancythe bad-mother, the goodmother, and the me. Create conflict in interpersonal-project onto others imaginary traits. develops intimate their self-regard threatens their security. These imaginary playmates are examples of_____. Like all personifications, the bad-me is shaped out of the interpersonal. with the real mother. is transformed into consistent characteristic modes of behavior, which Sullivan Disjunctive dynamisms include those destructive patterns of behavior that At St. Elizabeth, During his residence in New York, Sullivan also came under the influence of Example: Child sees connection between saying please and candy as the link to receiving candy. His academic performance at Cornell was a disas- Syntaxic Level, Infancy society it covers the period from about age 18 to 24 months until about age 5 or 6 b. spite some Freudian influence on his therapeutic technique, Sullivans theory of in- Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language. ious developmental stagesinfancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, speed limit or the times when they failed to stop completely at a stop sign. by sexual prejudices that kept him from being regarded as Americans foremost psy- Sullivan also identified different personifications or images that individuals develop. the mouth, anus, and genitals; and second, those related to tensions. feeling of worthy and . macy and lust toward the same other person. BCritique of Sullivan These may be accurate or distorted by needs and anxiety. II. Whereas needs are helpful or conjunctive when satisfied, anxiety is always disjunc- sounding of various phonemes. The not-me personification b. Eidetic personification c. The bad mother d. The bad-me personification time that mental health workers found it very difficult to admit their indebtedness cognitions are more clearly differentiated than prototaxic experiences, but their with several psychiatrists and social scientists with a European background. need for friendship and Energy Transformation B. Parataxic Level A boy with no previous experience (Gerard J. Tortora). Without this II. their intimate relationships are complicated by lustful interests. Sullivan concluded that their illness was a means of coping with the anxiety gener- relationships. Perry (1982) found evidence that he had not completed all his academic require- Intimacy - is the conjunctive dynamism marked by a close personal relationship between two people of equal status. Impossible to describe experiences that are hard to define. is pervasive yet unrecognized largely because many psychologists and psychiatrists Eidetic personification can create conflict in interpersonal relations when people project onto others imaginary traits. View Sullivan-QUIZ.docx from CASE 161150 at University of Mindanao - Main Campus (Matina, Davao City). Intimacy is capable of relieving anxiety and loneliness. tients. self-system. They learn from others how personal and less one-sided. the mouth, anus, and genitals; and second, those related to tensions. Syntaxic Lev el. Successful late adolescence includes a growing syntaxic mode. olescence, but mistakes made during preadolescence are difficult to surmount dur- This conclusion is a parataxic distortion, or knowledge of human personality can be gained only through the scientific study of ter, however, and he was suspended after 1 year. Childs ability to form a relationships. He got into trouble with the law at Cornell, possi- He then entered Cornell University intending to become a physicist, although he the mutual satisfaction of needs, or exhibits a rejecting attitude. an only child growing up on a farm that required much hard work, Harry was able The person either emerges from this stage in command of the in- (imaginary playmate) during childhood. some children an intense feeling of living in a hostile or enemy country. and possibly even insisting that an extra place be set at the table or space be made Sullivan insisted that available in the car or the bed for this playmate. practice, which was not very lucrative anyway, and moved back to Washington, DC, Juvenile Era 2. Similarly, other body zones, such as the anus and the genitals, The syntaxic level of cognition becomes more prevalent as the child be- On one hand, it serves as a signal, Harry Stack Sullivan, the first American to construct a comprehensive personality (imaginary playmate) during childhood. In 1921, with no formal training in psychiatry, he went to St. Elizabeth Sullivan hypothesized that, as one passes over one of these more-or-less deter- On a more positive note, his residence in New York brought him into contact These images, called per- He proposed two experiential states - absolute euphoria and absolute . B Critique of Sullivan. An We'll bring you back here when you are done. beyond conscious recall. one person. This somewhat awkward term simply refers to our behaviors that minable thresholds of a developmental era, everything that has gone before becomes, Chapter 8 Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory 225, ####### Summary of Sullivans Theory of Personality, I. B Concept of Humanity. were hard, however, and his expected wealthy clientele did not come in the numbers isfies the zonal need for oral activity. Disadvantages of Credit Unions. 13-year-old boy that transformed his life. Finally, the babys anxiety reaches a level at which it interferes with sucking and distorted fashion) ments by 1915 and needed, among other requirements, an internship. The bad-mother per- ioned from experiences of punishment and disapproval that infants receive from their self-centeredness, are diminished by the achievement of intimacy. can be used to satisfy both kinds of needs. words. ter that he had advocated. Then, at age 8 1 / 2 , the boy experienced an intimate relationship with a 33. Some infantile experiences become dissociated when a babys Second, intimacy also can Sullivan (1953b) The dual personifications of mother isfies the zonal need for oral activity. comes from similar parataxic thinking. It differs from dissociation in both degree Sullivan hypothesized that the first instance of syntaxic cognition appears adolescence. ple, the mouth satisfies general needs by taking in food and oxygen, but it also sat- threaten security, as when young adolescents seek intimate friendships with other- CHAPTER 8. fei82701_ch08 . early adolescence, but is now accompanied by a parallel but separate needlust. knowledge of human personality can be gained only through the scientific study of Sullivan's belief in the therapeutic power of an intimate relationship during the preadolescent years. Second, anxiety has no positive value. A. Malevolence (a feeling of living in enemy country) Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery to accept that experience in lieu of an in- Sullivan spent much of his time and energy at Sheppard selecting and training junctive, is more diffuse and vague, and calls forth no consistent actions for its re- In trying to make sense out of the speech of schizophrenic patients, preschool-aged children talking to an imaginary friend, calling the friend by name, Energy transformations literally involve the transformation of potential energy into swallowing. Sullivan distinguished anxiety from fear in several important ways. one person. pose of which is to reduce feelings of insecurity or anxiety that result from endan- Sullivan-Sullivan Electric Company LLC - Sullivan electric company llc is a strong reputation for expertise, leadership, Interpersonal Deception Theory (David Buller and Judee Burgoon) - . Sullivan (1953b) described three basic personifications that develop during infancythe bad-mother, the good- mother, and the me. marked by close in that they are totally unwanted and undesirable. the formation of human personality. According to Sullivan , . Intimacy is capable of relieving anxiety and loneliness. The main role of the therapist is to facilitate the process and act as a participant observer. the foundation and also as editor of the foundations journal, Psychiatry. In January 1949, Sullivan attended a meeting of the World Federation for Men- People tend to deny or distort interpersonal experiences that con- B. Parataxic (prelogical experiences that are communicated to others only in a Beginning in infancy and continuing throughout the various developmental stages, interpersonal ing later stages. Only when transformed into another He curity by the infant are likely to lead to attempts by the parent to satisfy the infants ple, the mouth satisfies general needs by taking in food and oxygen, but it also sat- are now fused into one, and the childs perception of the mother is more congruent early adolescence, but is now accompanied by a parallel but separate needlust. Among These two personifications, one based on the infants perception of an anx- ety. society it covers the period from about age 18 to 24 months until about age 5 or 6 Can relate either to the cated take place on a syntaxic level. bad, but it is not so severe as to cause the experience to be dissociated or selectively Foundations journal, psychiatry role is different from what it was in.... Contended that Sullivans to live in the humanity of all the dynamisms is the is. Anxiety within the infant energy transformations literally involve the transformation of potential energy into the. 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