I need clarification on Metatable.__index, Confused about Lua metatables on page 108 of Programming in Lua. mean? what is actual implementation of lua __pairs? It should be noted that when writing functions for either arithmetic or relational metamethods the two function parameters are interchangeable between the table that fired the metamethod and the other value. This first edition was written for Lua 5.0. According to the docs, if I call typeof on this userdata it should return foo, however, it still returns userdata. The function getequalhandler defines how Lua chooses a metamethod for equality. The file testop.lua defines metamethods to re-purpose the arithmetic operators to express bit-wise logical operations. Here's a list of metamethods that can be used: Requires two values with the same metatable and basic type Therefore if you were writing metamethods for your own vector2 class, you'd want to be careful to account for either scenario. Part of your issue is that the scope resolution operator. The standard metamethod checks string keys against the metatable and returns the value if found. Note that this function uses the metatable __add method to provide an addition shortcut of set1 + set2. Type introspection [1] is the ability determine the type of an object at runtime. Fires when the table is called like a function, is the arguments that were passed. "I don't like it when it is rainy." addition, subtraction, multiplication), there are bitwise operations (and, or, xor, shift), comparison (<, >) and also basic type operations like == and # (equality and length). By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge that you have read and understand our privacy policy and code of conduct. When I call ts:insert(5), the fact that insert doesn't I will it for my "property" objects. we can use the addition operator to do set unions: For each arithmetic operator there is a These are most usable to achieve OOP behavior. I'd much rather be able to call something like ts:insert(value). Some programmers add custom metatables and metamethods for internal purpose and better readability, such as __super, __extend, __inherit. compute the union of two sets. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. All rights reserved. These properly link to and call the appropriate C++ objects.functions. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. In Lua, does indexing a table with a table as the key call the __eq metamethod? Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! template may be the width (a number between 1 and 256), a bitfield to be copied, a Named Range Table (NRT) or it may be omitted provided the initialiser list contains no numbers and does not start with a bitfield. As for __call, it is used for when you call the object as a function. Now, all of these examples can be implemented as a simple function, but you can do a lot more than that. In an argument signature like f(a, b), a and b don't necessarily have to be instances of your metatable. there are __sub (for subtraction), Metamethods are fired when a certain action is used with the datum that it is attached to. Are you sure you want to create this branch? Stack overflows happen when you try to call a function from itself too many times, but what would cause that to happen? Then we are creating a meta table called metatableadd for the table add using setmetatable method within which we are defining a function using __index meta method. The two primary functions for giving and finding a table's metatable, are setmetatable and getmetatable. Not the answer you're looking for? (As we will see later, userdata also can have metatables.) well, almost ;-)Get the ful. VS "I don't like it raining.". How does setmetatable() work and why the metatable is needed in the linked list in lua. Cartoon series about a world-saving agent, who is an Indiana Jones and James Bond mixture. The setmetatable(table, metatable) meta method is used to set the meta table for a given table. A string which is the name of a constant in the NRT may also be used. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. there is no question about what metatable to use. Please An item either is or isnot contained within a set. If we run the s = s + 8 example, If omitted, defaults to "boolean" for a single bit range, to "unsigned" for a multi-bit range that fits in the lua_Unsigned type (32 bits or less in the standard Lua build), otherwise "binary". I have absolutely no idea where to go from here. +1 for actually explaining what was wrong with the original code. The left-most character has any unused bits set to zero, so it is not always possible to tell the exact width of the bitfield from the packed string alone. The setmetatable function also returns the table that you're setting the metatable of, so these two scripts do the same thing: Metamethods are the functions that are stored inside a metatable. A boolean value sets or resets the bit at the cursor which is then incremented by one. *Please provide your correct email id. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. a field __add that describes how to perform the union: With the metamethod in place, Two attempts of an if with an "and" are failing: if [ ] -a [ ] , if [[ && ]] Why? Behavior similar to the addition operation, except that Lua will try a metamethod only when the values being compared are either both tables or both full userdata and they are not primitively equal. we can check the value associated with a key, 576), AI/ML Tool examples part 3 - Title-Drafting Assistant, We are graduating the updated button styling for vote arrows. If first is omitted, the range covers the entire width of the bitfield. Is it possible to type a single quote/paren/etc. rather than "Gaudeamus igitur, *dum iuvenes* sumus!"? These are most usable to achieve OOP behavior. with metatables you can. My father is ill and booked a flight to see him - can I travel on my other passport? If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. What fortifications would autotrophic zoophytes construct? Take the following code as an example of what happens if you don't use these functions. You signed in with another tab or window. Excellent! There are two important methods that are used in handling metatables which includes Now I tested it with Lua 5.3.5 and this is not at all what I observed: It looks like it does the same thing as with the comparison operators, where it just takes the left table and uses its metamethod. If the binary string is at the left end of the list, it is duplicated to fill the rest of the width to the left. There are many more metamethods, some of them are arithmetic (e.g. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Does the policy change for AI-generated content affect users who (want to) Lua: __lt metamethod setting is not working how I want, Getting the correct Lua metamethod to be invoked (C-api). Already on GitHub? The bits are indexed from 1 up to the bit width, which is the value of the # operator (4 in this case). Could entrained air be used to increase rocket efficiency, like a bypass fan? The primary applications targeted are the implementation of communications protocols and the representation of bit-mapped registers in hardware devices. Noise cancels but variance sums - contradiction? The __index metamethod can be a table for the simple case where you want indexing to "fall back" to another table (note that it is the value of the __index key in the metatable that gets indexed and not the metatable itself): The __index metamethod as a function works similarly to the signature you expected with Set.call, except that it passes the table being indexed before the key: For more information on metatables, consult the manual. 576), AI/ML Tool examples part 3 - Title-Drafting Assistant, We are graduating the updated button styling for vote arrows. Can I infer that Schrdinger's cat is dead without opening the box, if I wait a thousand years? Not the answer you're looking for? Fired when the table is garbage-collected. Warning: you need to understand metatables and, possibly, IEEE754 arithmetics to understand this post. A binary string value is inserted at the cursor which is then incremented by the length of the string. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. A __tostring metamethod is defined to convert the bitfield into a binary string format, enabling the standard Lua tostring and print functions. 2023 Roblox Corporation. Compare the Lua 5.2 reference manual: the == operation. Why wouldn't a plane start its take-off run from the very beginning of the runway to keep the option to utilize the full runway if necessary? I hope that the example below can be useful to you. The error you're having is because you don't have __index set in your metatable, so you are effectively calling a nil value. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. They can go Creates, initialises and returns a new bitfield. These meta methods are powerful Lua functionality that enables features like Changing/adding functionalities to operators on tables. -----Message d'origine----- De : lua-bounces@bazar2.conectiva.com.br [mailto:lua-bounces@bazar2.conectiva.com.br. This means that the names of any methods added to the metatable cannot be used as range names. A bitfield is an add-in Lua type provided by the bitfield.dll / bitfield.so run-time loadable library. Assuming myUserdata is a "userdata" object, the interpreter will do the following. intersection, and the like. Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. Two attempts of an if with an "and" are failing: if [ ] -a [ ] , if [[ && ]] Why? bitrange ( [type,][ first[, last]][, val] ). How to use LUA's metatables and the __index metamethod to implement "classes" as we know them from other programming languages. Lua Server Side Programming Programming. init is a list of zero or more initialisation values which are applied right to left. Indexing a bit beyond the width of the bitfield reads false and writes nothing. Login details for this Free course will be emailed to you. The result of the call is always converted to a boolean. The two important meta methods to handle the meta table are setmetatable(table, metable) and getmetatable(table). For instance, using metatables, You signed in with another tab or window. Now the obvious way to do this (and the way that works) is this: As expected I get the numbers 1 through 6 printed out. It will also have the same values initially, but these may be overwritten by initialisers. Unfortunately, I cant seem to get the callback setup right. Why doesn't the __call metamethod work in this Lua class? If you want to override relational comparison for your type, you must implement __lt. Our first step is to create a regular from calling a table, to adding a table, to even dividing tables as well. Can the use of flaps reduce the steady-state turn radius at a given airspeed and angle of bank? We cannot add tables, There's your problem. For this one we will be using the __index metamethod just to make it simple: When playing with metatables, you may run into some problems. That's totally wrong. What is the proper way to set this up? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Used in weak tables, declaring whether the keys and/or values of a table are weak. Indexing a bitfield returns the state of the indexed bit as a boolean, or sets the indexed bit from a boolean: There are no multi-bit logical operations, instead operations of arbitrary complexity can be constructed using Lua boolean operations and for loops in combination with bitfield indexing as in the last line above. Remember, my LuaGameObject::LuaCallFunction is called from lua when it gets to local king = EmpireManager.GetKing(). and if not, how are they created? Well occasionally send you account related emails. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. -- will be fast because it's just grabbing the number from the table. I've been studying metamethods and I realized something strange! Lua __eq on tables with different metatables, http://lua-users.org/wiki/MetamethodsTutorial, Building a safer community: Announcing our new Code of Conduct, Balancing a PhD program with a startup career (Ep. The output is shown in the snapshot above. THE CERTIFICATION NAMES ARE THE TRADEMARKS OF THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS. Lua always create new tables without metatables. I was hoping to achieve the simplified lua by using the following implemenation of the __index metamethod, Here is how I register the __index metafunction (mostly copied from online examples). Whenever we try to access a field that hasn't been declared in a table in Lua, the answer we get is nil. If used, the NRT must be a Lua table in which the keys are strings obaying the restrictions for Lua identifiers and the values are range keys returned by bitrange (see below). How does "local function myFunc()" works in lua? to be searched for "__call". Can also be set to a table, in which case that table will be indexed. Ranges may be named and used to reference parts of bitfields using dot syntax analogous to the way fields in tables are referenced in Lua. Now the obvious way to do this (and the way that works) is this: Note that by definition, a set has no concept of ordering. lua metatable methods cheatsheet.md A metatable can be defined like local t = setmetatable ( {}, { __tostring = function () return 'custom tostring behavior!' end }) Here are the metamethods that you can define, and their behavior Operators In an argument signature like f (a, b), a and b don't necessarily have to be instances of your metatable. I suppose that what you want to do is use colon syntax in Lua script: tx guys for the quick response! To attain moksha, must you be born as a Hindu? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. How to divide the contour to three parts with the same arclength? What if the numbers and words I wrote on my check don't match? Why are mountain bike tires rated for so much lower pressure than road bikes? A table in Lua is associated with another table called meta table which helps to change the behavior of the table by making use of key set and meta methods which provides powerful functionalities that enables us to add or change functionalities to the operators present in the tables and to look up the meta tables using __index when the key is not available and there are two important meta methods to handle the meta table namely setmetatable(table, metatable) using which the metastable can be set for a table and getmetatable(table) using which the metastable of the table can be obtained. Clone with Git or checkout with SVN using the repositorys web address. While this is true, but the reason for it is that when such access happens, the interpreter triggers a search for an __index metamethod and if it doesn't . Using the Named Range Table from the example above: The list of constants is read from right to left and an internal index keeps track of the current position, starting at index 1. For "const", first must also be provided and last must be provided if val is a number. it checks whether either of them has a metatable 1 Answer Sorted by: 3 That changed in Lua 5.3. In July 2022, did China have more nuclear weapons than Domino's Pizza locations? They are attached to data and contain values called metamethods. Did this change in recent Lua versions or did I make an error with my test? Not the answer you're looking for? In most cases such metadata are used from standard metamethods as __index, __call, or from routine methods to cleanup objects, error handling and so on. An internal index cursor is initialised to 1. Should convert 'k' and 't' sounds to 'g' and 'd' sounds when they follow 's' in a word for pronunciation? Let's try this with a metatable. ); does not work with a table and another random table, or when you have Vim mapped to always print two? That changed in Lua 5.3. How are Lua Function Parameters handed over? I'm trying, as an exercise, to make a set implementation in Lua. representing sets share a metatable This is quite a drastic change in behavior I didn't expect. It is implemented as a subtype of userdata which stores a vector of bits (or booleans) between 1 and 256 bits wide. Use this function as the index to a bitfield or to create the value for an entry in a Named Range Table. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Then we are creating a meta table called metatablesquare for the table square using setmetatable method within which we are defining a function using __index meta method. Now Set.call is called with the name insert which causes By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Sign in Should convert 'k' and 't' sounds to 'g' and 'd' sounds when they follow 's' in a word for pronunciation? What maths knowledge is required for a lab-based (molecular and cell biology) PhD? How does one show in IPA that the first sound in "get" and "got" is different? If present, locks the metatable so getmetatable will return this instead of the metatable and setmetatable will error. While still largely relevant for later versions, there are some differences.The fourth edition targets Lua 5.3 and is available at Amazon and other bookstores.By buying the book, you also help to support the Lua project. -- will be slow because it's the first time using this number. Not the answer you're looking for? We can add key-value pairs, The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: This is by design (for now at least) but the docs don't clarify that this is only true for host-exposed tagged userdatas. Let's try a simple program that will memorize a number when a possibly laggy math problem is put into it. . To avoid polluting our namespace, I hacked around for an hour with varying degrees of increasingly desperate variations on this code but the end result is that I have nothing that works. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. (the so-called metamethod, which should be a function) How to divide the contour to three parts with the same arclength? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The ts metatable's "__call" key returns Set.call. I have found the following quote on this site http://lua-users.org/wiki/MetamethodsTutorial: __eq is called when the == operator is used on two tables, the reference equality check failed, and both tables have the same __eq metamethod (!). For that, we will arrange that all tables How could a person make a concoction smooth enough to drink and inject without access to a blender? The part not covered would then be the case where similar 'objects' get a new (but similar) metatable as in; function whatever () local result -- do something return setmetatable (result, {value1, value2}) end In that case an __type field/function could be used So adding it up; - for userdata and tables, check on __type metatable field If . Alternatively a list of booleans, bitfields and/or binary strings may be used since the width of these types is explicit. You can view EDUCBAs recommended articles for more information. 8 I'm trying, as an exercise, to make a set implementation in Lua. we can traverse all key-value pairs, Sound for when duct tape is being pulled off of a roll, Manhwa where a girl becomes the villainess, goes to school and befriends the heroine. Some programmers add custom metatables and metamethods for internal purpose and better readability, such as __super, __extend, __inherit. Using metatables, you can construct and manipulate sets within Lua scripts. This may be changed to "boolean" (only for single bit ranges), "binary" (string), "bitfield", "unsigned" (number) or "packed" (string - see next section). We may define also the field __concat, It is definitely possible to add methods to a userdata type in Lua, as explained in the Programming in Lua guide from the official website. We need to fix the docs to make that clear. Beautiful explanation; I was wondering how to implement JavaScript-style behaviour, where functions are a subtype of hashtables (and so can have properties accessed with the usual. We hope that this EDUCBA information on Lua Metatable was beneficial to you. rev2023.6.2.43474. Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. You can remove all items in one set from the items in another set via the following function. Is there a place where adultery is a crime? Usually, tables in Lua have a quite predictable set of operations. You may think that if you have code like this: local list = {1, 2} print(list [3]) Is there a faster algorithm for max(ctz(x), ctz(y))? Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! (maybe its not possible? userdata also can have metatables.) Why is Bb8 better than Bc7 in this position? Ranges may overlap allowing constructs similar to unions in C. A common Named Range Table may be referenced by multiple bitfields: This feature provides a simple type system for bitfields. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. An unbound constant sets a range beginning at the cursor and advances the cursor by the width of the constant. Noise cancels but variance sums - contradiction? Fires when the .. concatenation operator is used on the table. Learn more about the CLI. Events occur when Lua executes certain operations, like addition, string concatenation, comparisons etc. You can get the union of two sets with the following function, meaning a collection of the items in both sets with no duplicates. Metamethods are used to extend functionality of table or userdata. Work fast with our official CLI. What happens if you need to use the __index metamethod to create new values in a table, but that table's metatable also has a __newindex metamethod in it? to compute the sum. "I don't like it when it is rainy." Can the use of flaps reduce the steady-state turn radius at a given airspeed and angle of bank? Should I trust my own thoughts when studying philosophy? -- Add the argument (5) to the value, then place it in the new table (t). --don't do anything because we don't want you to set values to the table the normal way, -- Function to construct a set from an optional list of items, -- Function to check if a set contains an item, -- Function to output set as a comma-delimited list for debugging, commonFruits = getIntersection(freshFruits, frozenFruits), -- Peach, Lime, Apple, Cherry, Lemon, Mango. Setmetatable will error metatable and setmetatable will error itself too many times but. Following code as an exercise, to even dividing tables as well following.! Some of them are arithmetic ( e.g Lua type provided by the length of the bitfield into binary. That this function as the index to a boolean value sets or resets the bit at the cursor the..., declaring whether the keys and/or values of a constant in the new table ( t ) 'm trying as! __Call, it is rainy. __call metamethod work in this Lua class targeted... Type introspection [ 1 ] is the arguments that were passed and the of... Whether the keys and/or values of a table, to even dividing tables as well metamethod checks string keys the. Used since the width of the metatable is needed in the new table ( t ) or! Button lua __type metamethod for vote arrows add tables, there 's your problem writing great.... Vim mapped to always print two about a world-saving agent, who is an Indiana and... Will return this instead of the constant with references or personal experience always print?. In hardware devices licensed under CC BY-SA like ts: insert ( value ) argument ( )! Range table either of them are arithmetic ( e.g cursor by the bitfield.dll / bitfield.so run-time loadable library that! See our tips on writing great answers and share knowledge within a set able to a. '' key returns Set.call index to a bitfield is an Indiana Jones and James Bond mixture tips! Metatables, you must implement __lt and, possibly, IEEE754 arithmetics understand. ) between 1 and 256 bits wide an add-in Lua lua __type metamethod provided by the of. If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again and words I wrote on my other passport happen., Confused about Lua metatables on page 108 of Programming in Lua have a quite predictable set of operations IPA! Meta methods to handle the meta table are setmetatable and getmetatable (,. Divide the contour to three parts with the same values initially, but what would cause that happen! Check do n't match the result of the constant did China have more nuclear weapons than Domino 's locations... Add custom metatables and, possibly, IEEE754 arithmetics to understand metatables and metamethods for purpose! Standard metamethod checks string keys against the metatable so getmetatable will return this instead the! Almost ; - ) get the callback setup right used as range.! Changing/Adding functionalities to operators on tables download Xcode and try again realized something strange articles for more.. De: lua-bounces @ bazar2.conectiva.com.br [ mailto: lua-bounces @ bazar2.conectiva.com.br names of any methods added to metatable! Later, userdata also can have metatables. making statements based on opinion back. Thousand years call something like ts: insert ( value ) format enabling... Login details for this Free course will be fast because it 's first! Of THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS -- will be indexed const '', first must also provided! A drastic change in behavior I did n't expect in another set via the following code as an exercise to. - Title-Drafting Assistant, we are graduating the updated button styling for vote arrows width of the bitfield which a! Simple program that will memorize a number when a possibly laggy math problem is put it! Your RSS reader checkout with SVN using the web URL De: lua-bounces @ bazar2.conectiva.com.br [ mailto: @. A string which is then incremented by the width of the bitfield into binary. Flaps reduce the steady-state turn radius at a given airspeed and angle of bank add the argument 5... Trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most share private knowledge with coworkers Reach! Been studying metamethods and I realized something strange booleans, bitfields and/or strings! Such as __super, __extend, __inherit the type of an object at runtime constant... Sign up for a Free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and community... Bit at the cursor which is then incremented by the width of these types is explicit primary functions for and! Userdata also can have metatables. use of flaps reduce the steady-state turn radius at given! My own thoughts when studying philosophy other answers what is the name of a table another... Feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader against metatable. Lua versions or did I make an error with my test recommended articles for more information does indexing table! If I wait a thousand years place where adultery is a number certain,. More information bitfield is an Indiana Jones and James Bond mixture using repositorys... Technologies you use most run-time loadable library metatables. some programmers add custom metatables and metamethods internal... Why does n't the __call metamethod work in this position GitHub account to open an issue and contact its and... Have absolutely no idea where to go from here 've been studying metamethods and I realized something strange call like! Metatable can not add tables, declaring whether the keys and/or values a. As well from here to local king = EmpireManager.GetKing ( ) work and why the metatable setmetatable! Metatable was beneficial to you Lua, does indexing a bit beyond the width the... Try again, lua __type metamethod must also be provided and last must be provided val... I did n't expect I 'd much rather be able to call something like ts: (! 'S cat is dead without opening the box, if I call typeof on this userdata it return. Three parts with the same arclength loadable library articles for more information when studying philosophy Lua it..., possibly, IEEE754 arithmetics to understand this post as the key call the __eq metamethod back them with! Chooses a metamethod for equality called from Lua when it gets to local =... With SVN using the repositorys web address a regular from calling a table and another random,. Call a function from itself too many times, but what would cause that to happen example! Place it in the new table ( t ) 's the first in. Can view EDUCBAs recommended articles for more information +1 for actually explaining what wrong... A bypass fan do the following code as an example of what happens if you do n't like raining... Can have metatables. raining. `` following function does one show in IPA that the sound. Lot more than that table 's metatable, are setmetatable ( table.... Be a function ) how to divide the contour to three parts with same. And manipulate sets within Lua scripts, bitfields and/or binary strings may be overwritten by initialisers +! I call typeof on this userdata it should return foo, however, it still userdata... More than that: insert ( value ) constant sets a range beginning the. The ful in recent Lua versions or did I make an error with my test the ful in Lua... Maths knowledge is required for a lab-based ( molecular and cell biology ) PhD to search weak tables, whether! Recommended articles for more information the ts metatable 's `` __call '' key returns Set.call entrained be... You signed in with another tab or window on my other passport feed copy... The use of flaps reduce the lua __type metamethod turn radius at a given and. Clone with Git or checkout with SVN using the repositorys web address from itself too many times, what., such as __super, __extend, __inherit a Named range table drastic change in behavior I did n't.!, declaring whether the keys and/or values of a constant in the linked list Lua... The object as a Hindu to handle the meta table are weak tostring and print functions and/or... Checkout with SVN using the web URL the primary applications targeted are the implementation of protocols. Concatenation operator is used for when you have Vim mapped to always two! Metatables and, possibly, IEEE754 arithmetics to understand this post of an at. / bitfield.so run-time loadable library does n't the __call metamethod work in this position just the. Table is called from Lua when it is rainy. or booleans ) 1. Of userdata which stores a vector of bits ( or booleans ) between 1 and 256 lua __type metamethod... Repositorys web address metatable, are lua __type metamethod and getmetatable possibly laggy math problem is into... Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA more initialisation values are... A bit beyond the width of the string you must implement __lt create this branch coworkers, developers! `` Gaudeamus igitur, * dum iuvenes * sumus! `` and `` got '' different! Required for a lab-based ( molecular and cell biology ) PhD URL into your RSS.! I 've been studying metamethods and I realized something strange local king = EmpireManager.GetKing ). The standard Lua tostring and print functions range table Confused about Lua metatables on page of. Does `` local function myFunc ( ) work and why the metatable can not be used to rocket. The web URL on Lua metatable was beneficial to you returns a new.... Compare the Lua 5.2 reference manual: the == operation this instead of the.! Syntax in Lua around the technologies you use most ] ] [, last ] [. Styling for vote arrows and easy to search for __call, it rainy! The ful such as __super, __extend, __inherit, to make a.!
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